PVC marble sheets, also known as PVC marble panels or artificial marble sheets, are made primarily of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and calcium carbonate, along with various additives to achieve desired properties such as durability, flexibility, and appearance.

The raw materials used in the production of PVC marble sheets include:

1. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Resin:
   • Type: Suspension PVC resin is typically used.
   • Function: Forms the base matrix of the sheet, providing the main structural component. PVC is chosen for its durability, resistance to moisture, and ease of processing.
   • Characteristics: Thermoplastic nature allows for easy molding and shaping during manufacturing.
2. Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3):
   • Source: Extracted from limestone or marble.
   • Function: Acts as a filler material to increase rigidity and reduce costs. It also contributes to the smooth finish of the sheet.
   • Proportion: Can constitute a significant portion of the sheet’s composition (often 30-60% by weight).
3. Plasticizers:
   • Types: Common plasticizers include phthalates (e.g., dioctyl phthalate – DOP) and non-phthalate alternatives like dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP).
   • Function: Enhance the flexibility and workability of the PVC, making the sheets easier to process and shape.
   • Characteristics: Ensure the final product has the necessary pliability and softness.
4. Stabilizers:
   • Types: Often include lead-based stabilizers, tin-based stabilizers, or calcium-zinc stabilizers.
   • Function: Protect the PVC from degradation during processing and over its lifespan. They prevent discoloration and deterioration due to heat, light, and oxidation.
   • Characteristics: Provide thermal stability and UV resistance.
5. Pigments and Dyes:
   • Types: Organic and inorganic pigments, along with dyes.
   • Function: Provide color and mimic natural marble patterns. High-quality printing and surface treatment techniques, such as hot stamping or lamination, are used.
   • Characteristics: Must be stable, non-reactive, and UV-resistant to maintain color fidelity over time.
6. UV Stabilizers:
   • Types: Hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) and UV absorbers like benzophenones.
   • Function: Protect the sheet from ultraviolet radiation, preventing yellowing and degradation.
   • Characteristics: Enhance the longevity of the sheet, especially in applications exposed to sunlight.
7. Impact Modifiers:
   • Types: Common impact modifiers include acrylic-based modifiers, chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), and MBS (methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene) resins.
   • Function: Improve the impact resistance and toughness of the PVC sheet, making it more durable.
   • Characteristics: Ensure the material can withstand mechanical stress without cracking.
8. Lubricants and Processing Aids:
   • Types: Include internal and external lubricants like stearic acid, paraffin wax, and calcium stearate.
   • Function: Reduce friction during processing, facilitating smoother extrusion and molding. They also help achieve a high-quality surface finish.
   • Characteristics: Enhance the manufacturing efficiency and surface quality of the final product.
9. Other Additives:
   • Foaming Agents: Used in some sheets to create a lighter, foam-based core.
   • Antimicrobial Agents: Added to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria, especially for applications in humid environments.

The manufacturing process typically involves mixing these raw materials in precise proportions, followed by extrusion or calendering to form sheets. Advanced printing techniques, such as gravure printing or hot stamping, are then used to apply the marble pattern. Finally, the sheets are treated with surface coatings or laminates to enhance their appearance and durability.